Editorial Review

More than 10 years in the making, David Sibley's Guide to Birds is a monumental achievement. The beautiful watercolor illustrations (6,600, covering 810 species in North America) and clear, descriptive text place Sibley and his work squarely in the tradition of John James Audubon and Roger Tory Peterson; more than a birdwatcher and evangelizer, he is one of the foremost bird painters and authorities in the U.S. Still, his field guide will no doubt spark debate. Unlike Kenn Kaufman's Focus Guide, Sibley's is unapologetically aimed at the converted. Beginning birders may want to keep a copy of Sibley at home as a reference, but the wealth of information will have the same effect on novices as trying to pick out a single sandpiper in a wheeling flock of thousands. The familiar yellow warbler, for instance, gets no less than nine individual illustrations documenting its geographic, seasonal, and sex variations--plus another eight smaller illustrations showing it in flight. Of course, more experienced birders will appreciate this sort of detail, along with Sibley's improvements on both Peterson and the National Geographic guide:

• As in Peterson, Sibley employs a pointer system for key field markings--but additional text blurbs are included alongside the illustrations to facilitate identification.
• Descriptive passages on identification are more detailed than those in most other field guides. For example, Sibley includes extensive information on the famously hard-to-distinguish hawks in the genus Accipiter (sharp-shinned, Cooper's, and northern goshawk), noting differences in leg thickness and wing beat that will be of use to more advanced birders. A section on the identification of "peeps" (small sandpipers) includes tips about seasonal molting and bill length. Confusing fall warblers, Empidonax flycatchers, and Alcids receive similar treatment.
• As previously mentioned, ample space is given to illustrations that show plumage variations by age, sex, and geography within a single species. Thus, an entire page is devoted to the red-shouldered hawk and its differing appearances in the eastern U.S., Florida, and California; similarly, gulls are distinguished by age and warblers by sex.
• Range maps are detailed and accurate, with breeding, wintering, and migration routes clearly depicted; rare but regular geographic occurrences are denoted by green dots.
• The binding and paper stock are of exceptional quality. Despite its 544 pages, a reinforced paperback cover and sewn-in binding allow the book to be spread out flat without fear of breaking the binding.

Editorial Review

Reviews (12)

The Best Guide for the Field
As a new birder, I did a lot of checking before buying a guide.I found Sibley to be the best guide for the field.While there is limited information, this guide provides essential information needed to make a positive identification.It includes multiple images of birds as well as any variants for gender, age, etc.While I would definitely suggest at least looking at other guides, I would say this is the essential guide for time in the field.Additionally, now that the larger Sibley Guide has been split into a Eastern and Western version it is portable: it fits in my back pocket as I trek through the woods.

I have most of them, but really only use this one
The Sibley book is the only guide I really use anymore. It just seems every time I find a tough bird to ID the sibley book is the one that makes my mind up. The drawings are almost caricatures of the birds, really accentuating what you need to pick out. The Nat. Geo book is good (more artistic drawings) and I keep my official tally in it, but when I go out walking around I take sibley. It also fits in your back pocket While Nat. geo. (Other Favorite) Doesnt. Peterson Guide I'm not a huge fan of. Flipping around to find the Range map, That bugs me.

Reviews (12)

Take It From a Beginner With Zero Experience
I have read all the other reviews on this page and my stance has not changed.I received this book for Christmas from my parents who got my hints that I like to look at nature a little more closely than most other people.By no means am I a great bird-watcher, but I'm definitely working on improving!

While this guide to Western N.America may not be the honkin' encyclopedia other people want to sift through, this book makes for a great excursion guide, a quick way to look birds up.I am, at the moment, in possession of three other bird books, including the Audubon guide.Some have actual photographs, others have different charts.I can't say how often I actually refer to Sibley's in the end.It's just a more "natural" book to flip though.

Sibley gives you the basics, here, not extraneous info that weigh down your backpack.I like to keep track of what I see, and then do further research relaxed at home with a drink.

The first 17 pages is the usual fare of introductions to birding,color recognition, song recognition and learning, maps, and season keys.The next 7 pages includes a "Bird Topography."I don't know if this is birding lingo or creative writing, but I reference these pages often.Sibley's fantastic drawings are given black & white, sketch, and enhanced colorized treatments with breakdowns of body and wing parts for several different birds.Again, as a beginner, these are essential to me.

Thereafter are all the birds in the Western N.A. as detailed by Sibley's hands.Living by the ocean, I have access to a huge variety of birds that I never enjoyed when living in the Rockies.

I wouldn't state that the beginner should begin with only this one book.I found that I learned more about bird recognition by looking at several books.Every author has something original to say.But if there is one book to own, it would be Sibley's.

Nycticorax!

The best field guide out there!
This field guide is the best for visual bird identification.All info is in one place, there are side-by-side comparison plates, and different plumages.Some of the maps are a bit off and there's no behavioral information to assist an ID (just like the big Sibley's book).It's also missing some of the great extras that makes the big Sibley's so invaluable.I still regularly use the big book to supplement the info here, but this is the best field guide I have.

Reviews (8)

The best introduction I've seen
This is the best instruction I've ever seen, printed or otherwise, on learning how to bird.It includes not only basic visual identification skills, but also the basics of how to bird by sound.Sibley teaches the feather groups and anatomy, plumage variations, molting patterns, and effects of lighting that make some indentifications so difficult.I would recommend it to any aspiring birder.

Excellent but strikes me as somewhat odd
Let me depart a bit from the other glowing reviews to point out something I think is slightly odd about this book. While the book has many outstanding features, I'm not sure it is the ideal "birding basics" book.

The first half of the book has some terrific information but is often light on content (the equipment section, birding by geography section, finding more info section) as well as some glaring gaps (breeding habits, migration patterns, birding history in North America). It's one thing to tell a beginning birder how the gestalt of a White Crowned Sparrow is different from that of a White Throated Sparrow but does the beginning birder even know when to expect either in their area? The ending on ethics and conservation is so small it almost plays to the criticism that birders are more in it for the sport than for birds themselves.

The second half of the book is a stunning review of the external structure of birds. It is better than many ornithology texts in this regard. Everything you could ever need to know about feather structure, molt, proportional differences and color perception is presented along with an excellent introduction to taxonomy and bird song.

Sibley is obviously playing to his strength here which is fine because what he knows, he really knows if you get my point. The art work is great, of course.

I don't want to come across as knocking this book. I own it, enjoy it and have learned a great deal from it. I recommend that you buy it. I'm just not sure it will serve this generation of up and comming birders as the ideal "basics" book the way Jack Connor's "The Complete Birder" did for many in the prior generation.

What do you think of a basics book that can take the time to touch on a birds nasal bristles or gestalt but omit a basic discussion on migration or breeding? Maybe it's me but it strikes me as a bit odd. I think the second half could have been published as part of a book called "Sibley's Ornithology for Birders" or something to that effect.

Reviews (10)

This was my first bird book
I have immensely enjoyed this book as a resource for identifying birds I have seen while travelling or hanging in my yard.I can't say how many of my first sightings were identified in this book.Though tattered and worn and a bit stiff from getting wet, this book still sits by the window where the birds fly by. Birds add so much to my quality of life, it is nice to have a good, well-organized resource near by.

My favourite bird book.

I have been birding for 18 years and own several hundred bird books.I have used all the common books for North America that have been around during that period .I have built my life list for North America up to 596 species in that time.In my opinion, this is the best all round Field Guide for North America.
Until this book first came out in 1983 the most popular bird guide was Peterson,s; but it came in two volumes,one for the East and one for the West.This book covers all North America.I am frequently asked by people who are just getting started in birding,people who are buying for someone they know who"is interested" in birds and others who have a book ;but want something else;and ask,"What is the best book to buy,there seem to be so many?" My answer is;"You can't go wrong with this book."It is now in its 4th Edition, and I have bought each new edition as they have come out.There have been continual improvements made with each edition.The National Geographic have been a major publisher of all kinds of books for a long time. Personally,I feel their strength has been in photography and high quality printing and construction.In many cases their books are somewhat superficial;but don't let that disuade you .This book is so well done it is the choice of the majority of birders.I can't think of any birder I know who hasn't got a copy of it.
The thing that makes this book such a success is that it was put together by a large number of the best birders in North America.There are several other reviews on this book and they are all worth reading.I just can't imagine anyone regretting that they choose to buy this book;what more is there to say to recommend it?

Reviews (1)

Great diary for birders
The Birder's Life List and Diary, published by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, is a great way for birders in North America to keep track of the species they identify.

The book is easy to use, with a handy quick-search guide, with birds grouped as they would appear in a field guide.Entries include the common name and scientific name, and you can enter dates, locations and remarks on your sightings.Plenty of room is given for entries.There are even occasional blanks for adding birds.I used this to add species I identifed on trips to Japan.Also included is a section on Hawaiian species, and accidental species not usually found in North America.

In the back is an appendix where you can enter your list, up to 828 birds!There's also a useful alphabetical index, with page numbers and checklist.

There are no pictures, so you will need a field guide for identification.I usually carry a notepad and make my entries when I come home.

Reviews (13)

Good for the intermediate birder
I first received this as a gift when I was a beginning birder (basically from the backyard) and to be honest - at that point it was too much for me.I just got confused because actually listening to birds and all their different types of songs/calls and then trying to figure out which bird on the cd it might have been was tough (I'd forget what the bird sounded like and it'd leave before I found it on the cd).But that was me as a beginner.Now that I have a few bird songs under my belt and I can tell the difference between a woodpecker and a nuthatch without a second thought (yea, I was a real beginner) this cd is of better use.Now I can use it to hone in on birds that I think the song might be rather than having to go through so many because it was all so new.So, bottom line, I think its an excellent set of cds that you can really learn from but its better for someone who has thew basics down rather than someone who is the blank slate just starting to learn.

not for beginning birders
I bought this collection to replace a set of Aubudon tapes that I'd lost a few years ago, and have found that I much preferred my old tapes to this collection.While the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs is very comprehensive and has great depth and variety, I am unable to use it to identify a couple of fairly common bird songs I hear in my back yard.With only the bird name and no other description provided on the cds, all of the songs and calls start to run together.What I particularly liked about my previous tapes was the additional song and habitat descriptions provided around the calls.The Stokes companion booklet provides some of this information, but my purpose in purchasing an audio guide was to listen, not to read.For an experienced birder or someone who knows what they are listening for in the field, this will probably be a helpful guide.For someone just starting out, a collection of fewer songs and more description would be a better bet.

Wide Range of Species w/ Excellent Recording
Lang Elliott dusts off his very thorough bird song library and packages it under the (apprently more popular) "Stokes" brand name in this decent CD. There are 99 species here grouped as follows:

Disk 1 - Seabirds; Heron-like Birds; Swans, Geese, Ducks; Hawklike Birds; Chickenlike Birds; Marsh Birds; Shore BIrds; Gull-like Birds

Disk 2 - Pigeonlike Birds; Owls + other Nocturnal Birds; Swifts,Hummingbirds; Woodpeckers; Flycatchers; Shrikes, Vireos; Jays, Crows; Larks, Swallows; Chickadees, Nuthatches, Wrens; Thrushes, Mimics

Disk 3 -SWarblers; Tanagers, Grossbeaks, Buntings; Sparrows; Blackbirds, Orioles; Finches

Isbn: 0691007144
Sales Rank: 259870
Subjects:  1. Birds & Birdwatching - General    2. Birds & Birdwatching - Guides    3. Nature    4. Nature / Field Guide Books    5. Nature/Ecology    6. Biological Sciences    7. Birds and Natural History    8. Nature / Birds & Birdwatching   

Reviews (4)

a good start - but a thorough review is in order
I used this field guide during my recent trip to Kenya and Uganda. Although it is by all means an excellent fieldguide I do have some remarks. A number of the plates contained errors, suggesting the artists didn't see these birds in the field. I realise it is virtually impossible for artists to see all species featured in a book such as this in the field, so that a lot of plates are drawn from skins. It is important however to use skins from the region itself, this may make a lot of difference. We came to the conclusion that for a number of species skins from west Africa were used. Especially the greenbuls had some misleading plates. For a number of species the Kenyan Zimmerman-book is probably better, although those plates lack in other respects.
In addition a number of the maps were incorrect, especially for Uganda.
Still, if you go to the region for birding, make sure to get this book, because it is definitely the best field guide around.

The perfect field guide!
This book really sets a very high standard and we can only hope other parts of the world's tropics will get similar guides in due time. The plates are just about as superb as one could possibly wish for. When you compare this book with the new field guides that have recently come out for South America, it seems like there are two worlds! Just compare the flamingos, the osprey, or the parrots with the pictures you find in "The Field Guide to the Birds of Peru" and you know what I mean! There is also an excellent lay-out, with helpful concise text and useful range maps all neatly placed together. And the book is still amazingly compact.

Reviews (1)

BRIEF AND CONCISE GUIDE
Considering how many tourists are attracted to the southern African region by its bird-rich Okavango Delta, Namibian endemics or larks of Karoo, this new aid in bird identification is a most welcome sight. Unlike its South African namesakes (namely Newman's and SASOL), this new edition has one major advantage: it's a pocket-sized book that successfully avoids the bulkiness of its predecessors. Not only the text, illustrations and maps of distribution are of decent quality, but the size of volume is also of importance in the eyes of an average tourist - most likely, his or her bags are already overfilled.

The text is brief, covering Southern Africa in the wider sense. This volume includes not only South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Madagascar, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia - but also Angola, Zambia and Malawi. That means there was little space left to explain the preferred habitat of each of the 1,200 or so species covered, but text sharply focuses on major identification marks of our birds: the feather colours, the body shape, the bill length or whatever else is important for a particular bird.

The most important part of every bird identification guide, however, is its illustrations. The bird plates show in full colour every single species, plus a difference between the sexes, the adults and the young, the breeding and non-breeding birds, etc. Some plates with more than ten, even closer to twenty species tend to be overcrowded. The colours tend to be somewhat too bright, too strong - probably a printing error - but it's not that much of a problem as the opposite (faded colours) would be. Generally, despite minor complaints the illustrations are fine enough for accurate identification.

The distribution maps are the least precise part of every guide, usually showing where birders were - that is, showing the current level of knowledge and not the real distribution. Despite this, the maps in van Perlo's are pretty accurate (except, perhaps, the bird distributions in Angola) which is not a surprise since the southern African region is the most researched part of the continent. With the number of species per plate, it was not possible to place the distribution maps on the opposite page, as usual in a majority of similar volumes, so the maps are at the end of a book. It is not practical to waste your observation time turning too many pages to check if the suspected bird lives in particular area, but there is no alternative. This is, perhaps, van Perlo's book's greatest weakness.

Isbn: 0691090335
Sales Rank: 163884
Subjects:  1. Africa, Eastern    2. Birds    3. Birds & Birdwatching - General    4. Birds & Birdwatching - Guides    5. Identification    6. Nature    7. Nature / Field Guide Books    8. Nature/Ecology    9. Pictorial works    10. Birds and Natural History    11. Nature / Birds & Birdwatching   

Reviews (4)

a good guide for visiting birders
This guide is good; probably the best available for the region. The birders I ran into (even a park ranger) had this guide. It is a convenient size, fitting easily in my cargo-shorts pockets while both hands held my binoculars.It describes most of species (I found a few exceptions, eg. Gray Gull, but it is fairly complete).I did find that some of the illustrations were somewhat simplistic.More detailed descriptions would be useful, but could also negatively affect the weight of the book.I used it in Parque Nacional Iguazu and los Esteros del Ibera, and it served its purpose well.

A good guide for a beginner
It was the first time for me in South America, so I didn't know nothing about the birds there. I had the chance to find this guide, which helped me very much, thanks to the good figures. The text is a little bit poor, but for a beginner it's enough. For some families like the Furnariids and the Tyrannids the figures weren't always good for recognising the species in the field. But, in general, I found this guide very useful and the best between all other guides of the region which I saw.

Reviews (3)

A bible for birds in China
A Field Guide to the Birds of China is a must for any traveler who wants to identify birds in China.De Schauensee's earlier Birds of China is not really a field guide although it provides useful background reading.A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan includes a lot of the species occurring in eastern China, and the Beijing area is included in most of the range maps, so if you don't have the MacKinnon-Phillips new guide, this is second best.

All species of known regular occurrence somewhere in China are illustrated in excellent drawings by Karen Phillips, all but a few in full color.Colored range maps are on the page facing each of the 128 plates. The text for each species provides a detailed description, voice, distribution and status, habits (useful), and in some cases a note on taxonomy.

I used this book for more than two weeks in China during October 2001 and confidently identified every bird I got a decent look at.(Regrettably, eastern China is not exactly overrun with exotic birds, but you can find some interesting species even in the cities.)

The most noticeable problem with this book is its sheer bulk; at 256 pages of plates, 586 pages of text, and some front material, this monster tops out at well over 800 pages and won't fit in most fanny packs, not to mention pockets.So taking a utility knife with a new blade, I sliced the spine following the last plate and taped the last page to the spine, creating a book of front matter, 10 pages of introduction and all the plates and range maps--a tad over a third the thickness of the whole book.A few species are illustrated in black-and-white in the text, so I xeroxed those (with their black-and-white range maps) and pasted them below the range maps of appropriate plates.I left the text home.

The book is not without minor errors, of course.For example, the range maps on plate 35 mistakenly call the Red Phalarope the Red-necked Phalarope, with the same error in the scientific name (although, curiously, the Chinese name appears to be correct).Both species are illustrated.On plate 56 the illustration of the Red-throated Loon is mistakenly marked with the species number of the Common Loon (which is also illustrated and correctly numbered on the same plate).On plate 72 the female Japanese Paradise-flycatcher is so marked but the symbol for the male is missing.Most users can figure out such slips.

...

Essential
This book is absolutely essential for any birder who plans to visit any of the regions covered in this guide. The plates are very good and the descriptions are detailed. This is probably the most up-to-date guide for the region. The taxonomy is based on Sibley and Monroe, and nearly all subspecies and their ranges are listed. There is even an edition in simplified Chinese available in China and Hong Kong. However, covering such a broad region has its drawbacks, and at least in Taiwan, I recommend that this book be used more as a reference than field guide. A bird's voice often varies across its range, and the status of a species in one location can be completely different in another. For example, the White-bellied Green Pigeon, described by the book as "very rare," is in fact common in Taiwan. The quality of the plates is sometimes inconsistent (e.g. the geese and swans on plate 7 look very small!). Also, errors I've noticed include where the range map does not correspond with the descriptions (e.g. Eurasian Jay, plate 67), the bird number on the plate does not correspond with that of the range map and descriptions (e.g. Varied Tit, plate 88), and some typos (e.g. Pygmy Wren Babbler subspecies, plate 105). Although Appendix 2 lists the species endemic to the region, it left out at least three species from Taiwan (Yellow Tit, Collared Bush Robin, and Taiwan Whistling Thrush). In general, this book is excellent and highly recommended, but I do hope a new edition will be published in the future that fixes the errors and include new discoveries made since publication (e.g. Chinese Crested Tern, Taiwan Bush Warbler).

Well Done Field Guide
This field guide is a well done book introducing the birds of China to its readers.It is fairly standard as far as field guides goes in content.The book contains 128 color plates depicting the birds of China with the corresponding range maps opposite the plates.Next, the descriptions of the 1329 species are given.Herein lies the major problem with the book, the descriptions are not adjacent to the plates; however, had the book been arranged in this manner, the number of pages would have at least doubled and the book is already a bit cumbersome for use as a field guide at its present size.

Isbn: 0691007012
Sales Rank: 268547
Subjects:  1. Birds & Birdwatching - General    2. Birds & Birdwatching - Guides    3. Nature    4. Nature / Field Guide Books    5. Nature/Ecology    6. Biological Sciences    7. Birds and Natural History    8. Nature / Birds & Birdwatching   

Reviews (3)

I birded Ghana on my own with this guide..94 Lifers!!!
This is a great book for the bird fanatic going on a trip to West Africa.I recently took a 3 weeks' trip birding on my own in Ghana, hitting all the most famous bird spots, and thanks to this book, managed to tick 94 Lifers. Unless you are fortunate enough to get a dedicated Birder Guide, most of the game guides, required accompaniment on walks in all of Ghana's parks and reserves, will not know all that much about bird species.I was able to ID most of my birds with the plates alone, but one or two were defined by the excellent behavioural hints in the text descriptions (e.g. they perfectly described the song flight of the Zitting Cisticola, which I observed every day while in Accra, while the bird itself was difficult to distinguish from the other cisticolas, the one time I got a good look at it perching on a reed).While I still had several "????" birds (who doesn't get those?) and I probably missed a lot more without a professional bird guide, this book enabled me to understand the avian world of West Africa while birding on my own.Yes, it is a heavy tome, but as a painter I was able to sketch birds in the field on a tiny notepad and then look them up in the tome after returning to my lodging.You can take the Princeton paperback "checklist" along as well if you must have a field reference, but don't leave this big book behind! Highly recommended.

Excellent, but not a "field" guide.
This new guide is a "must" for all those interested in African birds. For a field guide, however, it is just a considerable bit too heavy. But if previous guides (Kenya and Northern Tanzania, Indian Subcontinent) are any indication, we may expect a smaller version in due time. Meanwhile, let's just enjoy what has come out. The quality of the color plates varies considerably, but they all range from fairly good to excellent. They are all by the same artist which supposedly ought to guarantee for greater consistency. In this case, it certainly is not so. There are plates that are flat, others come to life vividly; there are plates with lots of blank space whereas others (especially the raptors) are crammed. However, all the plates are most useful, often giving flight pictures for different plumages as well. Overall, color renditions seem to be good, as well. But the Plain Swift on plate 63 should be lighter colored than the Common Swift, whereas it is depicted darker. This is, however just nitpicking when compared with all the faults and deplorable plates found in recent field guides for South America. Thus, once again, birders going to Africa can be envied for another excellent guide they now have available. The text has French names as well (including an index), a good feature in an region that is partly French speaking. The excellent range maps would be more helpful if they would be opposite the plates, but their inclusion in the text allowed for more details. In addition, the caption with the plates already gives a rough indication of the range.

Editorial Review

With its wide 50mm objective lenses and high magnification,these rugged, all-weather Canon Image Stabilizer binoculars are destined to set a new and higher benchmark for image brightness, clarity and ergonomic design.

Leave your tripod at home when you use the new Canon 15x50 binoculars. Canon has once again made its world-renowned optical image stabilizer more convenient to use on this all-weather binocular. With a push of a button, bumpy images are stabilized instantly for maximum viewing. Multicoated ultralow dispersion (UD) objective elements add contrast, clarity, and color fidelity. Housed in a rugged, water-resistant, and slip-free rubber body, these binoculars can be used in rain or shine, whether in a football stadium or on the high seas. Stargazing is also possible with these versatile binoculars. The 15x50 is greatly improved over the previous model, with a larger 50mm objective lens, more convenient operation of the optical image stabilizer, and optional antifog eyepieces. Two AA batteries power the device. Also included in the package are a case, neck strap, and eyepiece covers.

Image Stabilization and More
With any high magnification binoculars, most users will experience frustrating image shake. Unless fixed to a tripod, image shake can render high magnification binoculars useless. Canon's IS technology is remarkably effective at eliminating this problem and is widely used by the television industry with Canon's professional broadcast quality video recording equipment. A special VAP (Vari-Angle Prism) corrective IS system sits between the objective lens group and the porro prism on each side of the binoculars. Within thousandths of a second of the binoculars being moved from their optical axis by vibrations, a detection system activates the IS mechanism. The VAP shape alters to refract or 'bend' the light path by precisely the right amount, thus fully compensating for the vibration. It is this essentially immediate response that effectively suppresses image shake.

Super Spectra Coating
A number of optical factors affect the brightness of an image, including the amount of incidental light that is reflected by the lens. An uncoated lens will refelect away as much as 8% of the incidentail light, significantly dimming the image. Canon's Super Spectra Coating prevents that reflection.

What do the numbers mean?
15x50? 8x25? The two numbers used to describe any pair of binoculars are their magnification — 8x, 12x, 15x and so on — and the diameter of their objective lenses — 25mm, 36mm, 50mm, and so on. The larger the first number is, the larger the object will appear to be in the objective lens. For instance, if you use a 10x lens and look at an object that is 100 yards away, it appears to be the same size as an object located just 10 yards away. The second number, the size of the objective lens, is important because the larger the objective lens, the more light it can admit for brighter, more detailed images, and the better suited they will be for lowlight situations.

A look inside

Features

• Objective lens: 25mm
• Ideal for hunting, outdoor, general use, and bird watching
• Multi-coated lens
• Waterproof and fogproof
• Magnification: 10x

Asin: B00006JINZ
Sales Rank: 10494
Subjects:  1. Binoculars (Binocular)    2. Marine    3. Sea    4. Ocean